Today I’m going to talk about ectopic pregnancy. An ectopic
pregnancy really means any pregnancy not in the uterus. Mostly this refers to pregnancy
in the fallopian tube or tubal pregnancy.
The uterus has a fallopian tube attached to each side. At the end of each fallopian tube are delicate fingerlike projections called fimbriae. These fimbriae function to catch ova (eggs) released from the ovary and help transport the egg(s) down the tube and into the uterus. Sperm actually meet the ovum (egg) in the tube. The resulting early embryo is then wafted down to the uterus where implantation normally occurs. Tiny little hair-like structures inside the fallopian tube called cilia beat rhythmically, also moving the embryo along the tube. If the embryo gets stuck along the way then an ectopic/tubal pregnancy occurs. The embryo grows in the narrow tube until the tube can no longer accommodate it. The tube then ruptures, causing bleeding into the abdomen.
An opened oviduct with an ectopic pregnancy at about 7 weeks gestational age. Wikipedia |
Symptoms of tubal pregnancy include missed period (which may
be a short irregular one), spotting, and pelvic/abdominal pain. The pregnancy
test will be positive. OB/GYN’s specifically look at the blood (serum)
pregnancy test result called a beta HCG. This result is typically abnormally
low compared to a healthy pregnancy in the uterus. Normally this value, early
in pregnancy, should double every 48 hours. If these values do not double
appropriately, then a tubal pregnancy is suspected.
If a woman presents with a positive pregnancy test, a tender
distended belly, low blood pressure, and rapid pulse, then she must be taken
for emergency surgery as blood from the ruptured tube is spilling into the
abdomen resulting in shock.
Most of the time, this scenario is not that dramatic. There
may be blood leaking from the end of the tube, or the tube may not have
ruptured. If caught early enough by pelvic ultrasound, and if the tube hasn’t
ruptured, then the tubal pregnancy can be treated medically with Methotrexate.
This is an anti-neoplastic medicine (meaning killing growing cells) that is
injected into a muscle (ie usually buttock/hip). This hopefully should kill
(dissolve) the ectopic pregnancy. Given the appropriate conditions,
Methotrexate works well. The pregnancy hormone levels must be watched carefully
until they decline to zero. Occasionally a second dose is needed. Sometimes
Methotrexate fails and surgery to remove the tubal pregnancy is necessary.
Surgery for tubal pregnancy can involve removing the part of
the tube affected if it is ruptured (salpingectomy). If the rupture is slight
or not at all, then the tube may be surgically slit open, the ectopic pregnancy
scooped out, and the tube heals over time (salpingostomy). These surgeries are
usually done laparascopically.
Any woman having a tubal pregnancy is at risk to have
another tubal pregnancy in the future. We tell these women to be checked out
early the minute they know they are pregnant.
Risk factors for tubal pregnancy are previous tubal
pregnancy, scarred tubes from tubal infections, endometriosis (also can scar
tubes), smoking (causes the cilia to not beat properly, and previous tubal
ligation (sterilization by tying tubes, burning them, or placing special
clips/rings on tubes). Tubes can re-cannulize or grow back together. Also
assisted reproduction such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) can increase the
risk that the embryo can migrate up into the tube.
More rare and extremely dangerous ectopic pregnancies
include cornual ectopics (getting stuck in the junction where the tube inserts
into the uterus), cervical ectopics (in cervix), and pregnancies inside the
abdomen. These pregnancies can get very large and when rupture occurs it can
cause extensive blood loss.
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Tanya
Goodwin is an obstetrician/gynecologist and a novelist of romantic
suspense with slice of medicine. She enjoys sprinkling unusual medical
conditions in her writing. A character in one of her novels has the misfortune
of contracting necrotizing fasciitis, and in her debut novel, If Memory Serves,
due for release in November by Knight Romance Publishing, her main character,
Dr. Tara Ross has dissociative fugue, a rare disorder as well. You can find out
more about Tanya at www.tanyagoodwin.com
Very interesting to see this side of an ectopic pregnancy. My sister suffered through one of these and it was devastating. The worst part is that the folks in urgent care didn't catch the problem, told her that spotting at the beginning of a pregnancy is fairly common, and sent her home. The young doctor even told her that all new moms are a little hypersensitive and worry too much. Within 8 hours she was back in excruciating pain and saw a different urgent care doctor who correctly diagnosed her and they were able to help her before the tube ruptured. BUT I will tell you, what was almost more difficult for her was the fact that she had to "kill" the baby, and she went into serious depression over that. She really struggled with having to make the sudden and immediate decision to abort. I know, I know, if she hadn't, neither would have survived, but sometimes there are things our heads grasp but our hearts can't. She so badly wanted that baby.
ReplyDeleteThanks for sharing about this painful and delicate subject.
Becky,
ReplyDeleteI am so sorry to hear about your sister and I can sympathize with her position. It's definitely hard. No two ways about it.
I had an abdominal ectopic pregnancy. I wasn't aware I was pregnant at the time as my menstral cycle was regular but days after my last period I started bleeding a lot and the pain was excruciating. I waited a few days because I thought the pain was due to gall stones but when it got worse I asked my dad to drop me off at a&e. my family were familiar with my pain with gall stones so i told him I would be ok on my own. The doctor told me I was pregnant, I was happy for about 5minutes and then he said they suspect it is an ectopic and may require surgery, so I should call my partner. I made the call to my partner who didn't want anything to do with it and started swearing badly over the phone even the doctor and nurses heard. I couldn't tell my family as I wasn't married to my partner. I ended up having emergency surgery on 31st August 2010 as the pregnancy was an abdominal ectopic pregnancy. I had to shut up and deal with it alone. Since then I have been crying a lot on my own. It's a lot to deal with, and seeing all the other women in the ward who had their families and partners around hasn't made it easy for me.
ReplyDeleteI'm very sorry this happened to you. I urge you to talk with someone about the way you are feeling.
ReplyDelete